CLI komande IOS - Mrežne klase, podmrežavanje
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CLI komande IOS - Mrežne klase, podmrežavanje |
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Konfiguriranje računalne mreže znači da se vrši konfiguriranje aktivne mrežne opreme koja se u mreži koristi prema dizajniranoj i prihvaćenoj shemi. Nekad se je za navedeno koristio serijski priključka RS 232c na računalu povezan s posebnim priključkom na mrežnom uređaju. Mogu se koristiti i drugačije vrste konektora, ali je kabel za povezivanje mrežnog uređaja i računala strogo namjenski i isporučuje se uz mrežni uređaj. Preko 'Terminal' ('Hyper Terminal' kod Windows XP OS) programske potpore računala pristupa se aktivnom mrežnom uređaju te zadavanjem komandi sadržanih u operativnom sustavu mrežnog uređaja vrši se njegovo konfiguriranje. Kad se mrežnom uređaju dodijeli adresa koja je u skladu s osmišljenom mrežnom shemom firme-ustanove, može se preko web sučelja, koristeći grafički prikaz GUI (Graphic User Interface), pristupiti konfiguriranju mrežnog uređaja, ali ne u punoj mjeri kao kroz komandnu liniju - CLI (Command Line Interface). CLI je primarni način konfiguriranja uređaja.
Tako firma Cisco u svojim mrežnim uređajima koristi IOS (Internetwork Operating System) koji omogućava konfiguriranje mrežnog uređaja na oba navedena načina. Naredni tekst je mali priručnik koji pokazuje kako treba sagledati TCP / IP u odnosu na OSI model koncepcije mreže, korisne komande koje Windows OS sadrži za brzi pregled postavljenih parametara računala i kontrolu komunikacije kroz mrežu, popis klasa računala, pomoćne tablice za uspješno podmrežavanje (subnetting) mreže, te komande za konfiguriranje Cisco usmjernika (router) i preklopnika (switch). Komande omogućavaju da se mrežnom uređaju definira od imena administratora i njegove zaporke do konfiguriranja komunikacijskih protokola i raznih mehanizama sigurnosti.
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TCP / IP suite of protocols according to layers of the OSI model
===================================================================================
OSI TCP / IP Protocols PDU
---------------- ------------------------------- ------------------------- --------
7. Application Application Telnet, FTP, SMTP
6. Presentation ASCII, GIF , JPEG D A T A
5. Session Socket Interface(HD,FD) Data
4. TRANSPORT TRANSPORT (Host2Host/End2End) TCP, UDP SEGMENT
3. Network Internet IP PACKET
2. Data Link Network Access (Host2Net)
LLC (802.2) SAP, SNAP
MAC (802.3) FRAME
1. Physical Bits
===================================================================================
===================================================================================
Classes of of computer networks and subnetting
===================================================================================
Commands in the Command Prompt window of PC
---------------------------------------------
ipconfig /all
arp -a
netstat -n
ping (network layer - 3)
tracert
telnet (application layer - 7)
===================================================================================
Network classes - computer addresses (public and private)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Network addressing with IPv4 (32 bits)
Class 1 8 16 24 32
|......|.......|.......|.......|
. . . . .
A |0.Net.|.........hosts.........|
B |10...Network..|.....hosts.....|---- publice networks
C |110........Network....|.hosts.|
. .
D |1110....Multicast address.....|
E |1111.........Reserved.........|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
CIDR Leading bits
notation (HOBits)
A 1-126.h.h.h IP/8 0
B 128-191.N.h.h IP/16 10
C 192-223.N.N.h IP/24 110
-----------------------------
D 224-239.n.n.n IP/32 1110 (Multicast)
E 240-255.n.n.n IP/32 1111 (Reserved)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Network 127 is reserved for the loopback (127.0.0.1) and testing
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
224.0.0. 5 = OSPF DR i BDR (Hello-LSA)
224.0.0. 6 = OSPF ostali
224.0.0. 9 = RIPv2
224.0.0.10 = EIGRP (Dual-Hello), SR (routing and top table)
, FS (top.table)
, table of neighbor
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
A 10. 0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 |
B 172. 16.0.0 - 172. 31.255.255 |---- private networks
C 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 |
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An example of networking computers and computing devices in a private class C
is shown in Chapter 7.4.5, at Figure 7.4.16.
The most commonly used ports (number and purpose) |-----|-----|----|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----| |Port | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 25 | 53 | 69 | 80 | 119 | 110 | 161 | 443 | 531 | |-----|-----|----|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----| |Purp.|FTP-D|FTP | SSH|T-net| SMTP| %DNS|*TFTP| HTTP| NNTP| POP3|*SNMP|HTTPS| CHAT| |-----|-----|----|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----| *UDP %UDP+TCP =================================================================================== Decade-hexadecimal-binary numbers |-|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |D| 15 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |-|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |H| F | E | D | C | B | A | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |-|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |B|1111|1110|1101|1100|1011|1010|1001|1000|0111|0110|0101|0100|0011|0010|0001|0000| |-|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----| Decade-hexadecimal-binary numbers with leading zeros |-|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----| | 16384|8192|4096|2048|1024| 512| 256| 128| 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |-|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |H|4000|2000|1000| 800| 400| 200| 100| 80 | 40 | 20 | 10 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |-|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----| | |0100|0010|0001| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |B|0000|0000|0000|1000|0100|0010|0001| | | | | | | | | | | |0000|0000|0000|0000|0000|0000|0000|0000|0000|0000|0000|1000|0100|0010|0001|0000| |-|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----| Subnetting B-class (128-191.N.h.h IP/16) |------|-----|-----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |----|----|----|----|----|-----| |Format| /17 | /18 | /19| /20| /21| /22| /23| /24| | /25| /26| /27| /28| /29| /30| |------|-----|-----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |----|----|----|----|----|-----| | Net | 128 | 192 | 224| 240| 248| 252| 254| 255| | 255| 255| 255| 255| 255| 255| | MASK | 0 | 0 | 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| | 128| 192| 224| 240| 248| 252| |------|-----|-----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |----|----|----|----|----|-----| |Net-b | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | |Host-b| 15 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | |------|-----|-----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |----|----|----|----|----|-----| | | 1000| 1100|1110|1111|1111|1111|1111|1111| |1111|1111|1111|1111|1111| 1111| |Binary| 0000| 0000|0000|0000|1000|1100|1110|1111| |1111|1111|1111|1111|1111| 1111| | | 0000| 0000|0000|0000|0000|0000|0000|0000| |1000|1100|1110|1111|1111| 1111| | | 0000| 0000|0000|0000|0000|0000|0000|0000| |0000|0000|0000|0000|1000| 1100| |------|-----|-----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |----|----|----|----|----|-----| |Range | 128| 64| 32| 16| 8| 4| 2| 1| | 128| 64| 32| 16| 8| 4| |------|-----|-----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |----|----|----|----|----|-----| |T-sub | *2| 4| 8| 16| 32| 64| 128| 256| | 512|1024|2048|4096|8192|16384| |U-SUB | * | 2| 6| 14| 30| 62| 126| 254| | 510|1022|2046|4094|8190|16382| |------|-----|-----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |----|----|----|----|----|-----| |T-host|32768|16384|8192|4096|2048|1024| 512| 256| | 128| 64| 32| 16| 8| 4| |U-HOST|32766|16382|8190|4094|2046|1022| 510| 254| | 126| 62| 30| 14| 6| 2| |------|-----|-----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |----|----|----|----|----|-----| * If by IOS router supported zero subnets can be used specified -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example of subnetting private class B
is shown in the Chapter 4.4.4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Subnetting B-class (192-223.N.N.h IP/24) |--------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----| | Format | /25 | /26 | /27 | /28 | /29 | /30 | | | |--------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----| | Net Mask | 128 | 192 | 224 | 240 | 248 | 252 | 254 | 255 | |--------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----| | Bits borrowed - NB | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | | Bits for host - HB | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |--------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----| | | 1000| 1100| 1110| 1111| 1111| 1111| 1111| 1111| | Binary | 0000| 0000| 0000| 0000| 1000| 1100| 1110| 1111| |--------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----| | Range | 128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | |--------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----| | Total subnets | *2 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 32 | 64 | NB | | Usable SUBNETS | * | 2 | 6 | 14 | 30 | 62 | 2 - 2 | |--------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----------| | Total hosts |*128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | HB | | Usable HOSTS | 126 | 62 | 30 | 14 | 6 | 2 | 2 - 2 | |--------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----------| | IP-IP hosts RANGE | *1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | | for first SUBNET |*126 | 62 | 30 | 14 | 6 | 2 | | |--------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----------| * If by IOS router supported zero subnets can be used specified Subnetting B-class /27 (3 bits borrowed) |-----|---------------|-----------|----------| | Broj| Subnet ID | IP-Brojevi| Boadcast | Addresses with zero "0" |Mreže| (NET-MASK) | HOSTOVA | ID | are reserved for the |-----|---------------|-----------|----------| NETWORK (bits of host part) | 0 |x.x.x.(000) 0 | 1 - 30 |x.x.x. 31 | | 1 |x.x.x.(001) 32 | 33 - 62 |x.x.x. 63 | Addresses with one "1" | 2 |x.x.x.(010) 64 | 65 - 94 |x.x.x. 95 | are reserved for | 3 |x.x.x.(011) 96 | 97 - 126 |x.x.x.127 | BROADCAST of NETWORK | 4 |x.x.x.(100)128 | 129 - 158 |x.x.x.159 | (bits of host part) | 5 |x.x.x.(101)160 | 161 - 190 |x.x.x.191 | | 6 |x.x.x.(110)192 | 193 - 222 |x.x.x.223 | | 7 |x.x.x.(111)224 | 225 - 254 |x.x.x.255 | |-----|---------------|-----------|----------| 'Subnet' mask of subnet /27 is: 255.255.255.224 (x.x.x.11100000) Sub-subnetting C-klasa /27 at /30 for serial links |-----|---------|-------|----------|---------| | Pod |Sub-Subn.| IP |Sub-Subnet| IP | |Mreža| ID |LINKOVA| ID | LINKOVA | |-----|---------|-------|----------|---------| Addresses with zero "......00" | 0 |x.x.x.32 | 33-34 |x.x.x.192 | 193-194 | are reserved for the SUB-NET | 1 |x.x.x.36 | 37-38 |x.x.x.196 | 197-198 | (bits of host part) | 2 |x.x.x.40 | 41-42 |x.x.x.200 | 201-202 | | 3 |x.x.x.44 | 45-46 |x.x.x.204 | 205-206 | Addresses with one "......11" | 4 |x.x.x.48 | 49-50 |x.x.x.208 | 209-210 | are reserved for | 5 |x.x.x.52 | 53-54 |x.x.x.212 | 213-214 | BROADCAST for SUB-NET | 6 |x.x.x.56 | 57-58 |x.x.x.216 | 217-218 | (bits of host part) | 7 |x.x.x.60 | 61-62 |x.x.x.220 | 221-222 | |-----|---------|-------|----------|---------| 'Subnet' mask of sub-subnet /30 is: 255.255.255.252 (x.x.x.11111100) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example of subnetting private class C
is shown in the Chapter 4.5.5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Different tables of subnetting only for 'Usable SUBNETS' i 'Usable HOSTS' Subnetting B-class (128-191.N.h.h IP/16) |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| |Format|OF Bits| Subnet Mask | Subnets | Hosts | Range | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /17 | *1 | 255.255.128. 0 | *2 | 32766 | 128 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /18 | 2 | 255.255.192. 0 | 2 | 16382 | 64 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /19 | 3 | 255.255.224. 0 | 6 | 8190 | 32 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /20 | 4 | 255.255.240. 0 | 14 | 4094 | 16 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /21 | 5 | 255.255.248. 0 | 30 | 2046 | 8 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /22 | 6 | 255.255.252. 0 | 62 | 1022 | 4 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /23 | 7 | 255.255.254. 0 | 126 | 510 | 2 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /24 | 8 | 255.255.255. 0 | 254 | 254 | 1 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /25 | 9 | 255.255.255.128 | 510 | 126 | 128 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /26 | 10 | 255.255.255.192 | 1022 | 62 | 64 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /27 | 11 | 255.255.255.224 | 2046 | 30 | 32 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /28 | 12 | 255.255.255.240 | 4094 | 14 | 16 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /29 | 13 | 255.255.255.248 | 8190 | 6 | 8 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /30 | 14 | 255.255.255.252 | 16382 | 2 | 4 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| * If by IOS router supported zero subnets can be used specified Subnetting C-class (192-223.N.N.h IP/24) |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| |Format|OF Bits| Subnet Mask | Subnets | Hosts | Range | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /25 | *1 | 255.255.255.128 | *2 | 126 | 128 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /26 | 2 | 255.255.255.192 | 2 | 62 | 64 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /27 | 3 | 255.255.255.224 | 6 | 30 | 32 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /28 | 4 | 255.255.255.240 | 13 | 14 | 16 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /29 | 5 | 255.255.255.248 | 30 | 6 | 8 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /30 | 6 | 255.255.255.252 | 62 | 2 | 4 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| * If by IOS router supported zero subnets can be used specified ==================================================================================
Sljedeća stranica odnosi se na konfiguraciju usmjernika (router).
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Citiranje ove stranice: Radić, Drago. " Informatička abeceda " Split-Hrvatska. {Datum pristupa}; https://informatika.buzdo.com/pojmovi/datoteka. Copyright © by Drago Radić. Sva prava pridržana. | Odgovornost |
